Integrated circuits and methods for forming integrated circuits

ABSTRACT

An example relates to an integrated circuit including a semiconductor substrate, and a wiring layer stack located on the semiconductor substrate. The integrated circuit further includes a transistor embedded in the wiring layer stack. The transistor includes an embedded layer. The embedded layer has a thickness of less than 10 nm. The embedded layer includes at least one two-dimensional crystalline layer including more than 10% metal atoms. Further examples relate to methods for forming integrated circuits.

FIELD

Examples of the present disclosure relate to integrated circuits, and tomethods for forming integrated circuits.

BACKGROUND

The continuous development of semiconductor technology leading tosmaller structures requires new functional and small scaledsemiconductor structures, e.g. structures in integrated circuits, aswell as improved semiconductor processes.

However, temperature limitations, for example in back end of lineprocesses due to structures of an integrated circuit already formed, mayimpede integration of required semiconductor structures in integratedcircuits. Further, complex semiconductor processes increase a requiredtime for forming integrated circuits and therefore increasemanufacturing costs.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Some examples of apparatuses and/or methods will be described in thefollowing by way of example only, and with reference to the accompanyingfigures, in which

FIG. 1 shows an example of an integrated circuit with a transistorembedded in a wiring layer stack;

FIG. 2 shows an example of an integrated circuit with a thin filmcrystal transistor;

FIG. 3 shows an exemplary flow chart of a method for forming anintegrated circuit with a wiring layer stack;

FIG. 4 shows an exemplary flow chart of a method for forming anintegrated circuit with a thin film crystal transistor;

FIGS. 5a-5i show an example of forming a transistor comprisingconverting a crystal structure of a thin film crystal layer;

FIGS. 6a-6n show an example of forming a heterojunction crystalstructure, and forming a thin film crystal transistor using theheterojunction crystal structure;

FIGS. 7a-7m show an example of forming a heterojunction crystalstructure comprising a semiconducting portion and a metallic portion;and

FIG. 8 shows an example of a system comprising an integrated circuit.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various examples will now be described more fully with reference to theaccompanying drawings in which some examples are illustrated. In thefigures, the thicknesses of lines, layers and/or regions may beexaggerated for clarity.

Accordingly, while further examples are capable of various modificationsand alternative forms, some particular examples thereof are shown in thefigures and will subsequently be described in detail. However, thisdetailed description does not limit further examples to the particularforms described. Further examples may cover all modifications,equivalents, and alternatives falling within the scope of thedisclosure. Same or like numbers refer to like or similar elementsthroughout the description of the figures, which may be implementedidentically or in modified form when compared to one another whileproviding for the same or a similar functionality.

It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being“connected” or “coupled” to another element, the elements may bedirectly connected or coupled or via one or more intervening elements.If two elements A and B are combined using an “or”, this is to beunderstood to disclose all possible combinations, i.e. only A, only B aswell as A and B, if not explicitly or implicitly defined otherwise. Analternative wording for the same combinations is “at least one of A andB” or “A and/or B”. The same applies, mutatis mutandis, for combinationsof more than two Elements.

The terminology used herein for the purpose of describing particularexamples is not intended to be limiting for further examples. Whenever asingular form such as “a,” “an” and “the” is used and using only asingle element is neither explicitly or implicitly defined as beingmandatory, further examples may also use plural elements to implementthe same functionality. Likewise, when a functionality is subsequentlydescribed as being implemented using multiple elements, further examplesmay implement the same functionality using a single element orprocessing entity. It will be further understood that the terms“comprises,” “comprising,” “includes” and/or “including,” when used,specify the presence of the stated features, integers, steps,operations, processes, acts, elements and/or components, but do notpreclude the presence or addition of one or more other features,integers, steps, operations, processes, acts, elements, componentsand/or any group thereof.

Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientificterms) are used herein in their ordinary meaning of the art to which theexamples belong.

FIG. 1 shows a schematic cross section of an integrated circuit 100 witha transistor 130 embedded in a wiring layer stack 120.

The integrated circuit 100 comprises the transistor 130. For example,the transistor 130 is embedded in the wiring layer stack 120. Thetransistor 130 comprises an embedded layer 140. The embedded layer 140may have a thickness of less than 10 nm. For example, the embedded layer140 may comprise at least one two-dimensional crystalline layer. Forexample, a portion of the embedded layer 140 may have a crystallinestructure. The two-dimensional crystalline layer may comprise more than10% metal atoms (or more than 20% of metal atoms), for example. Theintegrated circuit 100 may comprise a semiconductor substrate 110. Thewiring layer stack 120 may be located on the semiconductor substrate110.

For example a thickness of the embedded layer 140 may be smaller than 10nm (or smaller than 5 nm, smaller than 3 nm or smaller than 2 nm). Forexample, the thickness of the embedded layer 140 may be an averagethickness along the embedded layer 140 or a maximum thickness. Forexample, the embedded layer 140 may comprise a plurality oftwo-dimensional layers, e.g. monolayers. A two-dimensional monolayer maybe a layer comprising only one layer of the crystalline material.Alternatively, a two-dimensional monolayer may be a layer comprisingonly one molecular layer (e.g. molybdenum disulfide MoS₂). For example,the number of the monolayers of the embedded layer 140 may be smallerthan 20 (or smaller than 10, smaller than 8, or smaller than 5). Atwo-dimensional monolayer may have a thickness of less than 1 nm (orless than 0.8 nm).

For example, the embedded layer 140 may be a thin film crystal layer(e.g. a transition metal dichalcogenide TMD layer). Accordingly, thetransistor 130 in the wiring layer stack may be referred to as thin filmcrystal transistor. The wiring layer stack 120 may comprise furthertransistors, for example in the same layer or in other layers below thetransistor 130. The wiring layer stack 120 may comprise a plurality ofthin film crystal transistors 130.

Further, the wiring layer stack may comprise wiring structures (e.g.lines and vias) to connect the transistor or the plurality oftransistors to a semiconductor substrate and/or in/out (I/O) interfaces(e.g. pads) of the integrated circuit.

Providing the thin film crystal transistor 130 in the wiring layer stack120 of the integrated circuit 100 may enable an increased transistordensity and/or the possibility of a 3D stacking of transistors withinthe integrated circuit 100. For example, compared to providing othertransistors, by providing the thin film crystal transistor 100 (or aplurality of thin film crystal transistors 100, e.g. in a processingdevice), volume of the integrated circuit 100 may be reduced and/orefficiency of the integrated circuit 100 may be increased.

For example, a first portion of the thin film crystal layer may be achannel region of the transistor 130. A lateral center region of thethin film crystal may be the channel region of the transistor 130.Providing the thin film crystal as channel region may reduce leakagecurrent of the transistor 130, for example. For example, short channeleffects may be reduced when using the thin film crystal as channelmaterial. Reducing short channel effects may enable to reduce a gatelength of the transistor 130 (e.g. to less than 5 nm, or less than 3nm), without resulting in short channel effects as they may occur inother transistors. Smaller dimensions of the channel region and/or gateof the transistor 130 may further increase package density of theintegrated circuit 100, for example.

For example, at least the first portion (e.g. the channel region of thetransistor 130) of the thin film crystal layer (e.g. the embedded layer140) has a first crystal phase. The first crystal phase may be anH-phase, e.g. a semiconducting hexagonal crystal structure. The firstcrystal phase may be a 1H-phase or a 2H-phase, for example. For example,at least 70% (or at least 80%, at least 90% or at least 99%) of materialof the first portion may have the first crystal phase.

For example, a second portion of the thin film crystal layer may be asource region of the transistor 130 (and/or a drain region of thetransistor 130). For example, the second portion of the thin filmcrystal layer may have a second crystal phase differing from the firstcrystal phase. The second crystal phase may be a T-phase (e.g. a1T-phase or 1T′-phase), for example. For example, at least 70% (or atleast 80%, at least 90% or at least 99%) of the material of the secondportion may have a T-phase crystal structure. The T-phase crystalstructure may be a metallic or semi metallic structure. For example, theembedded layer having a H-phase portion and a T-phase portion may be aMoS₂ layer or a MoTe₂ layer.

Providing the T-phase structure for the source region (and/or drainregion) of the transistor 130 may reduce a contact resistance of thetransistor 130. For example, a contact resistance between a sourcestructure (and/or drain structure) of the transistor 130 and the thinfilm crystal may be low, e.g. compared to other devices where a sourcecontact region has a H-phase structure. For example, providing theT-phase structure for achieving lower contact resistance may increasethe efficiency of the integrated circuit 100 as power losses may bereduced.

The thin film crystal layer (e.g. the embedded layer 140) may comprisemetal atoms. For example, the thin film crystal layer may comprise atleast 10% (or at least 20%) of metal atoms. The metal atoms may be oneof Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd,Ag, Cd, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Rf, Db, Sg, Bh, Hs, Mt, Ds,or Rg. For example, the metal atoms may be transition metal atoms. Atransition metal may be any element in the d-block of the periodictable, for example. For example, the metal atoms may be molybdenumatoms.

For example, the thin film crystal layer may further comprise secondaryatoms, for example at least 10% of secondary atoms. The secondary atomsmay be chalcogens, for example. The secondary atoms may be one of S, Cl,H, O, Se, and Te atoms. For example, the secondary atoms may be S atomsor Te atoms.

Consequently, the thin film crystal layer may be a transition metaldichalcogenide TMD layer. A TMD material may have the formula ME₂, whereM is a transition metal and E is a chalcogen, e.g. one of S, Se, and Te.For example, the thin film crystal layer may be a MoS₂ layer, or a MoTe₂layer.

For example, the thin film crystal layer may further comprise at least10% of tertiary atoms. For example, also the tertiary atoms may bechalcogens. For example, the tertiary atoms are one of S, Cl, H, O, Se,or Te atoms.

For example, a thin film crystal layer comprising metal atoms,secondary, and tertiary atoms may be a MAX phase layer. For example, MAXphases may refer to layered, hexagonal carbides and nitrides. MAX phasesmay have the general formula M_(n+1)AX_(n), (MAX) with n being 1, 2, or3; M being an early transition metal, for example; A being an A-group(for example IIIA and IVA, or groups 13 and 14) element; and X beingeither carbon and/or nitrogen, for example. For example, the thin filmcrystal layer may comprise one of Ti₂SC, Ti₂CdC, Hf₂InC, Hf₂SSc, orTi₃SiC₂.

For example, the transistor 130 may comprise a gate dielectric and agate electrode. The gate dielectric may be located on the first portionof the thin film crystal layer. For example, the gate electrode may belocated on the gate dielectric. The gate dielectric may be a high-Kdielectric material (e.g. hafnium oxide), for example.

For example, the transistor 130 may comprise a source metal structure(e.g. contact structure) located on the second portion of the thin filmcrystal layer. For example, the second portion may comprise two subportions located adjacent to the first portion at opposite sides of thefirst portion. The source metal structure may be located at one side forelectrically contacting a first sub portion and a drain metal structuremay be located at the other side for contacting a second sub portion ofthe second portion of the thin film crystal layer.

The integrated circuit 100 may be a processor, a memory, a transmitter,or a receiver for example. For example, the integrated circuit 100 maybe a microprocessor or a central processing unit CPU. For example, theintegrated circuit 100 may be an RF device, e.g. a transceiver.

The transistor of the integrated circuit 100, e.g. the thin film crystaltransistor, may be a field effect transistor, e.g. a MOSFET or a JFET.For example, the transistor of the integrated circuit 100 may be abipolar transistor.

The semiconductor substrate may be a silicon substrate or a wide bandgap substrate, for example. The wide band gap substrate may be a GaNsubstrate or a GaAs substrate, for example.

The wiring layer stack 120 may comprise lateral wiring layers andvertical wiring layers. A lateral wiring layer (e.g. metal layer of thelayer stack of the integrated circuit) may be a layer for implementinglateral electrical connections between vertical electrical connections(vias) connecting lateral wiring layers. A vertical wiring layer (e.g.via layer of the layer stack of the integrated circuit) may be a layerfor implementing vertical electrical connections (vias) between lateralwiring layers.

FIG. 2 shows a schematic cross section of an integrated circuit 200 witha thin film crystal transistor 230. The integrated circuit 200 comprisesa plurality of thin film crystal transistors 230 on a substrate.Further, the integrated circuit 200 comprises an electrically insulatinglayer 250 located on a gate of the thin film crystal transistors 230.For example, the electrically insulating layer 250 may be located on agate, on a drain region and on a source region of the plurality of thinfilm crystal transistors 230. For example, the substrate may be asemiconductor substrate (e.g. a silicon substrate) or a glass substrate.

For example, the electrically insulating layer 250 may be an inter-layerdielectric ILD layer (e.g. silicon oxide SiO_(x) or silicon nitride) ofthe integrated circuit 200. The thin film crystal transistors 230 may belocated in a layer of the integrated circuit 200 between two layers of aplurality of layers of the integrated circuit 200. By providing the thinfilm crystal transistors 230 within an inner layer of the integratedcircuit 200, for example, a package density of the integrated circuit200 may be increased. For example, compared to providing othertransistors, by providing the thin film crystal transistor 200 (or aplurality of thin film crystal transistors 200, e.g. in a processingdevice) an efficiency of the integrated circuit 200 may be increased.

For example, the electrically insulating layer 250 may be located on aplurality of thin film crystal transistors 230 of the integrated circuit200. The integrated circuit 200 may be a processing device, for example.Methods described below (e.g. in combination with FIGS. 6a-n and FIGS.7a-m ) show examples of forming thin film crystals using a scalablemethod at temperatures compatible with back end of line processes (e.g.below 400° C.). Using proposed methods may enable to form a plurality ofthin film crystal transistors 230 in more than one layer of theintegrated circuit 200, for example.

For example, the thin film crystal transistor 230 may be located on afurther transistor of the integrated circuit 200. The further transistormay be a silicon transistor (e.g. a field effect transistor) or afurther thin film crystal transistor 230, for example. For example, thefurther transistor may be located in the substrate (e.g. a semiconductorsubstrate), and a portion of the substrate may be a doped region of afurther transistor of the integrated circuit. The doped region may be adrain region or a source region, for example.

More details and aspects are mentioned in connection with theembodiments described above or below. The embodiments shown in FIG. 2may comprise one or more optional additional features corresponding toone or more aspects mentioned in connection with the proposed concept orone or more embodiments described above or below (e.g. FIGS. 1 and 3-8).

FIG. 3 shows an exemplary flow chart of a method 300 for forming anintegrated circuit, e.g. comprising a wiring layer stack (for exampleaccording to an example as shown in combination with FIG. 1).

The method 300 for forming the integrated circuit comprises forming 310a first portion of a wiring layer stack of the integrated circuit on asemiconductor substrate of the integrated circuit. The first portion ofthe wiring layer stack may comprise semiconductor structures (e.g.wiring structures and/or transistors) in a first level of the wiringlayer stack, for example. Further, the method 300 comprises forming 320a transistor on the first portion of the wiring layer stack. Forexample, forming 320 the transistor comprises forming an embedded layerof the transistor. For example, the embedded layer may have a thicknessof less than 10 nm. For example, the embedded layer comprises at leastone two-dimensional crystalline layer (e.g. monolayer) comprising morethan 10% metal atoms. Further, the method 300 comprises forming 330 asecond portion of the wiring layer stack so that the transistor isembedded in the wiring layer stack. The second portion of the wiringlayer stack may comprise semiconductor structures (e.g. wiringstructures and/or transistors) in a second level of the wiring layerstack, above the first level, for example. The embedded transistor maybe located in the second level or in a level between the first level andthe second level, for example.

For example, the embedded layer may be a thin film crystal layer. Forexample a thickness of the thin film crystal layer may be smaller than10 nm (or smaller than 5 nm, smaller than 3 nm or smaller than 2 nm). Amaximum thickness of the thin film crystal layer may be smaller than 10nm.

For example, a first portion of the thin film crystal layer may beprovided as a channel region of the transistor according to the method300. Providing the thin film crystal as channel region may reduceleakage current of the transistor, for example. For example, shortchannel effects may be reduced when using the thin film crystal aschannel material. Small dimensions of the thin film crystal transistormay enable to increase a package density of the integrated circuit to beformed, for example.

For example, the method 300 may further comprise converting the crystalphase of at least a portion of the thin film crystal layer. For example,the crystal phase may be converted by one of chemical treatment, lasertreatment or electron beam treatment of the portion of the thin filmcrystal layer. The crystal structure of the thin film crystal materialmay convert due to the energy received by the respective portion of thethin film crystal layer.

For example, the crystal phase of the portion of the thin film crystallayer may be converted from an H-phase into a T-Phase. For example, atleast 50% (or at least 70%, at least 90% or at least 95%) of thematerial of the portion of the thin film crystal layer may be convertedfrom an H-phase into a T-phase.

For example, forming the thin film crystal layer may comprise forming ametal layer comprising at least a first and a second portion ofdifferent metals. Forming the thin film crystal layer may furthercomprise heating the metal layer in a gas atmosphere to transform themetal of the first portion into an H-Phase thin film crystal materialand the metal of the second portion into a T-Phase thin film crystalmaterial.

For example, the first portion may comprise Ta and the second portionmay comprise Mo. By exposing both metals to H₂S, for example, a TaS₂ anda MoS₂ thin film crystal may be formed. For example, the TaS₂ may havethe 1T-phase and MoS₂ may have the 1H (or 2H) phase. Accordingly, themethod 300 may enable forming a heterojunction thin film crystal layer,for example (see also the examples shown in combination with FIGS. 6a to6n ).

For example, forming the thin film crystal layer may comprise formingfirst metal portions of a metal in a layer and transforming the metal ofthe first metal portions into thin film crystal material having anH-phase. Forming the thin film crystal layer may further compriseforming second metal portions of said metal in the layer next to thefirst metal portions and transforming the metal of the second metalportions into thin film crystal material having a T-phase. For example,the formed thin film crystal layer may have portions comprising theH-phase crystal material adjacent to portions comprising the T-phasecrystal material. Accordingly, the method 300 may enable forming aheterojunction thin film crystal layer, for example (see also theexamples shown in combination with FIGS. 7a to 7m ).

For example, the method 300 may further comprise forming a gatedielectric of a gate of the transistor on the portion of the thin filmcrystal layer having the H-phase. The method 300 may comprise forming agate electrode on the gate dielectric.

The method 300 may further comprise forming a source metal contactstructure on a portion of the thin film crystal layer having theT-phase, for example. Providing the T-phase structure for a sourceregion (and/or drain region) of the transistor may reduce a contactresistance of the transistor. For example, a contact resistance from thesource metal contact structure (and/or drain metal contact structure) ofthe transistor to the thin film crystal may be low, e.g. compared toother devices where a source contact region has an H-phase structure.For example, providing the T-phase structure for achieving lower contactresistance may increase the efficiency of the integrated circuit to beformed as power losses may be reduced.

For example, forming the second portion of the wiring layer stack maycomprise forming an electrically insulating layer on the gate of thetransistor. The electrically insulating layer may be an ILD (e.g.silicon oxide) of the wiring layer stack. For example, the electricallyinsulating layer may be formed having a larger lateral extension than alateral extension of the transistor.

More details and aspects are mentioned in connection with theembodiments described above or below. The embodiments shown in FIG. 3may comprise one or more optional additional features corresponding toone or more aspects mentioned in connection with the proposed concept orone or more embodiments described above or below (e.g. FIGS. 1, 2 and4-8).

FIG. 4 shows an exemplary flow chart of a method 400 for forming anintegrated circuit with a thin film crystal transistor.

The method 400 for forming an integrated circuit comprises forming 410 athin film crystal transistor. Further, the method 400 comprises forming420 an electrically insulating layer on a gate of the thin film crystaltransistor.

For example, the method 400 may enable forming the thin film crystaltransistor in different layers or in a layer stack o the integratedcircuit. For example, short channel effects may be reduced when usingthin film crystal as channel material of the thin film crystaltransistor. Reducing short channel effects may enable to further reducethe dimensions of the thin film crystal transistor without effectingshort channel effects as they may occur in other transistors. Smallerdimensions of the thin film crystal transistor may enable furtherincrease of a package density of the integrated circuit to be formedaccording to the method 400, for example.

For example, the thin film crystal transistor may be formed on adielectric structure of the integrated circuit, e.g. an inter-layerdielectric ILD. For example, also the electrically insulating layerformed on the thin film crystal transistor may be an ILD. For example,dielectric material may surround the formed thin film crystaltransistor.

For example, the thin film crystal transistor may be formed above atleast one further transistor structure of the integrated circuit. Forexample, a plurality of thin film crystal transistors may be formedabove the further transistor structure.

For example, the thin film crystal transistor may comprise a thin filmcrystal layer, e.g. according to a thin film crystal layer as describedabove or below. For example, the thin film crystal layer may comprise aplurality of two-dimensional crystalline monolayers, for example lessthan 20 two-dimensional crystalline monolayers.

More details and aspects are mentioned in connection with theembodiments described above or below. The embodiments shown in FIG. 4may comprise one or more optional additional features corresponding toone or more aspects mentioned in connection with the proposed concept orone or more embodiments described above or below (e.g. FIGS. 1 to 3 and5 a-8).

FIGS. 5a to 5i show an example of forming a transistor comprisingconverting a crystal structure of a thin film crystal layer. In FIGS. 5ato 5i , structures are shown in a cross-sectional side view. Atransistor of the integrated circuit as shown in FIG. 1 and/or FIG. 2may be formed as described in connection with FIGS. 5a to 5 i.

FIG. 5a shows a thin film crystal layer 500 located on an electricallyinsulating layer 510 (e.g. SiO_(x)). For example, the thin film crystallayer 500 may be a transition metal dichalcogenide TMD (e.g. molybdenumdisulfide MoS₂ or molybdenum ditelluride MoTe₂). The thin film crystallayer 500 may be an H-phase material, for example. For example, the thinfilm crystal layer 500 may have a 1H-phase crystal structure (or a2H-phase crystal structure). An H-phase structure may be asemiconducting hexagonal structure.

According to FIG. 5b , an ILD layer 510′ is formed on the thin filmcrystal layer 500 so that the thin film crystal layer 500 is completelycovered by insulating material, for example silicon oxide material.

FIG. 5c shows gate patterning by forming a mask layer and structuringthe ILD layer 510′. In a lateral center region of the thin film crystallayer 500, the ILD layer 510′ is etched to uncover at least a topsurface of the thin film crystal layer 500 so that a trench 520 isprovided in the ILD layer 510. For example, also an upper portion of thethin film crystal layer 500 may be slightly etched within the centerregion.

According to FIG. 5d , a gate structure of the transistor to be formedis provided. For example, a high-K dielectric material (e.g. hafniumoxide) is deposited onto the ILD layer 510′ and into the trench 520 tocover the bottom and the side walls of the trench 520 and to form a gateinsulation layer 530 on the thin film crystal layer 500. Further, ametal gate fill or polysilicon fill is formed in the trench to provide agate electrode 535 on the gate dielectric 530. Afterwards, portions ofthe high-K dielectric material and the metal gate fill are removed andthe surface is planarized (e.g. by chemical mechanical polishing CMP).

Further, a mask layer is formed on the ILD layer 510′ for etchingcontact openings 540 into the ILD layer 510′ at opposite sides of thegate structure. For example, surfaces of the thin film crystal layer 500are uncovered (see FIG. 5e ), for providing access to a drain region anda source region of the transistor to be formed.

Before forming a source and a drain contact structure, the crystalstructure of source and drain portions of the thin film crystal layer500 being uncovered by the ILD layer 510′ within the contact openings isconverted. The phase conversion of the thin film crystal layer 500 maybe achieved due to introducing energy into the thin film crystalmaterial of the source and drain portions.

For example, as shown in FIG. 5f , the structure may be submerged inn-Butyllithium 550 (or another lithium chemical or lithium basedliquid). Particularly, the contact openings 540 may be filled with then-Butyllithium 550 so that the exposed portions of the thin film crystallayer 500 are in contact with the n-Butyllithium 550.

In this example, exposing the crystal material of the thin film crystallayer 500 to n-Butyllithium 550 causes a transformation of the crystalphase within the exposed regions. As shown in FIG. 5g , due to thechemical treatment of the exposed portions, T-phase source and drainportions 505 of the thin film crystal are formed. The crystal structureof the portions of the thin film crystal layer 500 exposed to then-Butyllithium 550 is converted from the H-phase to the T-phase. Alaterally centered portion 500′ of the thin film crystal layer (e.g.located adjacent to the gate structure) still has the H-phase structureafter treating the formed structure with n-Butyllithium 550.

As shown in FIG. 5h , the n-Butyllithium 550 is removed to enable accessto the T-phase source and drain portions 505 of the thin film crystallayer. The T-phase source and drain portions 505 may provide metallicproperties and may enable low contact resistance to a source structureand to a drain structure, for example.

Subsequently, according to FIG. 5i , a source and a drain contactstructure are formed, for example by depositing metal in the contactopenings and planarizing the surface. A first metal structure 560 may bea drain contact structure of the transistor and a second metal structure565 may be a source contact structure of the transistor. Further, a topsurface of the shown structure comprising the formed thin film crystaltransistor may be polished to provide a flat surface of the structureabove the thin film crystal layer 500.

For example, as the thin film crystal layer 500 (comprising the sourceand drain portions with the converted crystal phase) is a substantialpart of the transistor, the formed transistor may be referred to as thinfilm crystal transistor.

Other concepts may lower the contact resistance of the thin film crystalor thin film crystal transistor by doping of the contact regions of thethin film crystal, side contacts, and/or choice of a correct metalcontact (e.g. a suitable metal-crystal combination). However, byproviding the converted phase at the contact regions of the thin filmcrystal, a contact resistance to a metal contact may be further lowered.

By utilizing thin film crystals of different phases and properties, itmay be possible to provide or create a very low contact resistance tothe thin film crystal of interest. Integration of thin film crystalsinto semiconductor technology may be gated by high contact resistance.For example, proposed concepts may enable next generation electronicsbased of thin film crystals as contact resistance may be a bottleneckwhen using thin film crystals.

The concept proposed according to FIGS. 5a to 5i may enable to minimizethin film crystals contact resistance and to maximize deviceperformance. An example of contact metal engineering to minimize theresistance is shown. The contact regions may be chemically treated toconvert them from a 1H (or 2H) to a 1T or 1T′ structure. Consequently,the semiconducting region may be turned into a metallic (or semimetallic) region. FIGS. 5a to 5i show an example of phase engineeringthrough chemical treatment of a specific region.

More details and aspects are mentioned in connection with theembodiments described above or below. The embodiments shown in FIGS. 5ato 5i may comprise one or more optional additional featurescorresponding to one or more aspects mentioned in connection with theproposed concept or one or more embodiments described above or below(e.g. FIGS. 1 to 4 and 6 a-8).

FIGS. 6a-n show an example of forming a heterojunction crystalstructure, and forming a thin film crystal transistor using theheterojunction crystal structure. A thin film crystal of differentphases may be grown or formed. The structures in FIGS. 6a-n are shown ina cross-sectional side view. A transistor of the integrated circuit asshown in FIG. 1 and/or FIG. 2 may be formed as described in connectionwith FIGS. 6a to 6 n.

FIG. 6a shows an electrically insulating structure 600, for example aninter-layer dielectric ILD, with a first metal layer 610 formed (e.g.deposited) on the ILD. For example, metal patterning on the ILD isperformed. The first metal layer 610 comprises a first metal. Accordingto FIG. 6b , a mask layer 620 is formed and structured (e.g. by hardmask patterning) to cover first portions of the first metal layer 610.

The first metal layer 610 may be etched to remove the parts of the metallayer 610 not being covered by the mask layer 620, as shown in FIG. 6c .A further mask layer 625 is formed (see FIG. 6d ) and structured so thatportions of the further mask layer 625 are located laterally between theremaining portions of the metal layer 610, with a predefined distancefrom the remaining portions of the metal layer 610.

FIG. 6e shows metal deposition on the structure shown in FIG. 6d , forforming a second metal layer 615. The second metal layer 615 comprises asecond metal differing from the first metal of the first metal layer610. The second metal layer 615 may have a thickness smaller than athickness (e.g. a height) of the first metal layer 610. The second metallayer 615 may cover portions of the electrically insulating structure600 uncovered by the first structured metal layer 610. The second metallayer 615 may be formed adjacent to the remaining portions of the firstmetal layer 610. As a result, heterojunction metal portions may beformed on the electrically insulating structure 600. The heterojunctionmetal portions are separated from each other laterally by the mask layer625.

As shown in FIG. 6f , a sacrificial layer 640 may be formed on thesecond metal layer 615. The shown structure may be planarized (e.g. bychemical mechanical polishing CMP) to remove parts of the second metallayer 615, the mask layer 620, and/or an upper portion of the firststructured metal layer 610, for example, together with the sacrificiallayer 640. As a result, heterojunction metal structures with a thicknessof less than a thickness of the second metal layer 615 may remain. Afterpolishing, the uncovered heterojunction metal portions remaining on theelectrically insulating structure 600 may have a thickness (e.g. aheight) of less than 10 nm, for example. The formed heterojunction metalportions may comprise portions of the first structured metal layer 610and remaining portions of the second metal layer 615 in a common layerseparated from each other by the mask layer 625 (see FIG. 6g ).

According to FIG. 6h , the mask layer 625 may be removed so thatdetached heterojunction metal portions comprising a centered portion ofthe first metal and edge portions of the second metal are formed on theelectrically insulating layer 600.

Subsequently, the heterojunction metal portions may be heated in a gasatmosphere for conversion to thin film crystals. The first metal maytransform in a first thin film crystal of a first crystal phase and thesecond metal may transform into a second thin film crystal of secondcrystal phase. Accordingly, FIG. 6i shows a heterojunction thin filmcrystal portion on the electrically insulating structure 600 comprisingportions of first thin film crystal material 630 next to portions ofsecond thin film crystal material 635. According to the proposedexample, the heterojunction metal portion may be transformed into aheterojunction thin film crystal portion simultaneously using a commongas atmosphere. Atoms of the common gas atmosphere may causetransformation of the first metal of the structured metal layer 610 intothe first thin film crystal material 630, e.g. having an H-phase crystalstructure; and transformation of the second metal of the second metallayer 615 into the second thin film crystal material 635, e.g. having aT-phase crystal structure. The type of achieved thin film crystalmaterial and crystal structure may depend on the materials of the metallayers and on the composition of the gas atmosphere used for heating theheterojunction metal layer, for example.

FIGS. 6j to 6n show an example of forming a thin film crystal transistorusing the provided thin film crystal portion. The proportions of FIGS.6j to 6n may differ from the proportions of FIGS. 6a to 6 i.

According to FIG. 6j , an ILD layer 600′ is formed on the thin filmcrystal portions comprising first and second thin film crystal material630, 635 so that the thin film crystal portions are completely coveredby insulating material, for example silicon oxide material.

FIG. 6k shows gate patterning by forming a mask layer and structuringthe ILD layer 600′. In a lateral center region of the thin film crystalportion having the first crystal material 630, the ILD layer 600′ isetched to uncover at least a top surface of the thin film crystalportion having the first thin film crystal material 630 so that a trench640 is provided in the ILD layer 600′. For example, also an upperportion of the thin film crystal material 630 may be slightly etchedwithin the center region.

According to FIG. 6l , a gate structure of the transistor to be formedis provided. For example, a high-K dielectric material 650 (e.g. hafniumoxide) is deposited onto the ILD layer 600′ and into the trench 640 tocover the bottom and the side walls of the trench and to form a gateinsulation layer on the thin film crystal material 630. Further, a metalgate fill or polysilicon fill is formed in the trench to provide a gateelectrode 655 on the gate dielectric 650. Afterwards, portions of thehigh-K dielectric material and the metal gate fill are removed and thesurface is planarized (e.g. by chemical mechanical polishing CMP).

Further, a mask layer is formed on the ILD layer 600′ for etchingcontact openings 660 into the ILD layer 600′ in two portions of the ILDlayer 600′ at opposite sides of the gate structure. For example,surfaces of the thin film crystal layer 630 are uncovered (see FIG. 6m), for providing a drain region and a source region of the transistor tobe formed. Subsequently, according to FIG. 6n , a source and a drainstructure are formed, for example by depositing metal in the contactopenings and planarizing the surface. A first metal structure 670 may bea drain structure of the transistor and a second metal structure 675 maybe a source structure of the transistor. Further, a top surface of theshown structure comprising the formed thin film crystal transistor maybe polished to provide a flat surface of the structure above theheterojunction thin film crystal portion.

As can be seen in FIG. 6n , the formed thin film crystal portionprovides both a channel region (e.g. having an H-phase crystalstructure), and a source/drain region (e.g. having a T-phase crystalstructure) of the transistor, for example.

More details and aspects are mentioned in connection with theembodiments described above or below. The embodiments shown in FIGS. 6ato 6n may comprise one or more optional additional featurescorresponding to one or more aspects mentioned in connection with theproposed concept or one or more embodiments described above or below(e.g. FIGS. 1 to 5 d and 7 a-8).

FIGS. 7a-m show an example of forming a heterojunction crystal structurecomprising a semiconducting portion and a metallic portion. Thestructures in FIGS. 7a-7m are shown in a cross-sectional side view.Heterojunction crystal portions may be formed that can be furtherprocessed (e.g. according to examples shown in FIGS. 6j-6n ) for formingthin film crystal transistors, for example.

FIGS. 7a to 7m show an example of forming thin film crystal portions,e.g. for forming a transistor. For forming the thin film crystalportions, a thin metal layer may be deposited using chemical vapordeposition, for example. Afterwards, the metal layer may be transformedinto a thin film crystal layer by heating the metal layer in a gasatmosphere. The manufacturing process shown in FIGS. 7a to 7m may beused to form an integrated circuit as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, forexample.

FIG. 7a shows an example of metal patterning on an electricallyinsulating structure 700, for example an ILD (e.g. silicon oxide SiO_(x)or silicon nitride). A metal layer 710 may be formed and structured onthe electrically insulating structure 700. The metal layer 710 may beformed by means of chemical vapor deposition, for example. The metallayer 710 may be formed with a thickness smaller than 10 nm, forexample.

FIG. 7b shows hard mask patterning on the metal layer 710. A mask layer720 is formed on the metal layer 710, for example. Further, a metal etchis performed to remove the metal layer 710 in regions 712 not beingcovered by the mask layer 720 (see FIG. 7c ). Subsequently, according toFIG. 7d , the hard mask 720 is removed, for example using dry etch, wetetch, and/or ash techniques.

FIG. 7e shows the result of a conversion of the structured metal layer710 into a thin film crystal or thin film crystal layer 730 using gasesand heat. As described in methods above or below, the deposited metallayer may be heated in a gas atmosphere to transform the metal layerinto a thin film crystal layer. For example, the metal layer maycomprise molybdenum and the gas atmosphere may comprise H₂S or H₂Te. Asa result of the heating, the sulfur or tellurium of the gas atmospheremay be incorporated into the metal layer so that the metal layertransforms into a thin film crystal layer, for example a molybdenumdisulfide MoS₂ layer or a molybdenum ditelluride MoTe₂ layer. The thinfilm crystal layer may have an H-phase crystal structure, for example(semiconducting thin film crystal).

According to FIG. 7f , a further mask layer 725 is formed on theelectrically insulating layer 700 to form trenches on the portions ofthe thin film crystal layer 730. Further, an ILD 700′ is formed on thethin film crystal layer 730. The structure is planarized so that thetrenches of the further mask layer 725 are filled with material of theILD 700′ (or alternatively with a temperature resistant polymer, e.g.)(as shown in FIG. 7g ). According to FIG. 7h , the further mask layer725 is removed, e.g. by etching.

A second mask layer 725′ is formed (see FIG. 7i ) laterally between theportions of the thin film crystal layer 730, with a predefined distancefrom the portions. FIG. 7j shows metal deposition on the structure shownin FIG. 7i , for forming a second metal layer 715, comprising a secondmetal differing from the first metal of the first metal layer 710. Thesecond metal layer 715 may have a thickness smaller than a thickness ofthe first metal layer 710. For example, a thickness of the second metallayer 715 may be less than 10 nm. The second metal layer 715 may coverportions of the electrically insulating structure 700 uncovered by thefirst structured metal layer 710 (and uncovered by the second mask layer725′). The second metal layer 715 may be formed adjacent to the portionsof the thin film crystal layer 730.

Subsequently, the second metal layer 715 may be transformed into asecond thin film crystal layer 735. Transforming the second metal layer715 may be achieved by heating the structure in a gas atmosphere. Thesecond thin film crystal layer 735 may have a T-phase structure (e.g. ofa metallic thin film crystal).

For example, a sacrificial layer may be formed on the second thin filmcrystal layer 735. The structure may be polished (e.g. by chemicalmechanical polishing CMP) to remove parts of the second thin filmcrystal layer 735, the second mask layer 725′, and/or an upper portionof the first thin film crystal layer 730, for example, together with thesacrificial layer. After polishing, uncovered heterojunction thin filmcrystal portions remaining on the electrically insulating structure 700may have a thickness of less than 10 nm, for example. The formedheterojunction thin film crystal portions may each comprise a centeredportion of H-phase thin film crystal 730, and edge portions of T-phasethin film crystal 735. The heterojunction thin film crystal portions arelocated in a common layer and separated from each other by the remainingportions of the mask layer 725′ (see FIG. 7l ).

As shown in FIG. 7m , the mask layer 725′ may be removed to separate theformed heterojunction thin film crystal portions (similar to the thinfilm crystal portions as shown in FIG. 6i , for example).

More details and aspects are mentioned in connection with theembodiments described above or below. The embodiments shown in FIGS. 7ato 7m may comprise one or more optional additional featurescorresponding to one or more aspects mentioned in connection with theproposed concept or one or more embodiments described above or below(e.g. FIGS. 1 to 6 n or FIG. 8).

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an electronic apparatus 800 (e.g. acomputing system or computing device) incorporating at least oneelectronic assembly, e.g. integrated circuit 100, described herein.Electronic apparatus 800 is-merely one example of an electronicapparatus in which forms of the electronic assemblies described hereinmay be used. Examples of an electronic apparatus 800 include, but arenot limited to, personal computers, tablet computers, mobile telephones,game devices, MP3 or other digital music players, etc. In this example,electronic apparatus 800 comprises a data processing system thatincludes a system bus 802 to couple the various components of theelectronic apparatus 800. System bus 802 provides communications linksamong the various components of the electronic apparatus 800 and may beimplemented as a single bus, as a combination of busses, or in any othersuitable manner.

An electronic assembly 810 as describe herein may be coupled to systembus 802. The electronic assembly 810 may include any circuit orcombination of circuits. In one embodiment, the electronic assembly 810includes a processor 812 (e.g. integrated circuit 100) which can be ofany type. As used herein, “processor” means any type of computationalcircuit, such as but not limited to a microprocessor, a microcontroller,a complex instruction set computing (CISC) microprocessor, a reducedinstruction set computing (RISC) microprocessor, a very long instructionword (VLIW) microprocessor, a graphics processor, a digital signalprocessor (DSP), multiple core processor, or any other type of processoror processing circuit.

Other types of circuits that may be included in electronic assembly 810are a custom circuit, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC),or the like, such as, for example, one or more circuits (such as acommunications circuit 814) for use in wireless devices like mobiletelephones, tablet computers, laptop computers, two-way radios, andsimilar electronic systems. The IC can perform any other type offunction.

The electronic apparatus 800 may also include an external memory 820,which in turn may include one or more memory elements suitable to theparticular application, such as a main memory 822 in the form of randomaccess memory (RAM), one or more hard drives 824, and/or one or moredrives that handle removable media 826 such as compact disks (CD), flashmemory cards, digital video disk (DVD), and the like.

The electronic apparatus 800 may also include a display device 816, oneor more speakers 818, and a keyboard and/or controller 830, which caninclude a mouse, trackball, touch screen, voice-recognition device, orany other device that permits a system user to input information intoand receive information from the electronic apparatus 800.

Examples relate to concepts for lowering contact resistance for thinfilm crystals.

Further examples relate to further aspects of the present disclosure.

Example 1 relates to an integrated circuit comprising: a semiconductorsubstrate; a wiring layer stack located on the semiconductor substrate;and a transistor embedded in the wiring layer stack, wherein thetransistor comprises an embedded layer, wherein the embedded layer has athickness of less than 10 nm, wherein the embedded layer comprises atleast one two-dimensional crystalline layer comprising more than 10%metal atoms.

Example 2 relates to the integrated circuit according to example 1,wherein the embedded layer is a thin film crystal layer.

Example 3 relates to the integrated circuit according to example 2,wherein the thin film crystal layer comprises less than 20two-dimensional crystalline monolayers.

Example 4 relates to the integrated circuit according to example 2 or 3,wherein a first portion of the thin film crystal layer is a channelregion of the transistor and a second portion of the thin film crystallayer is a source region of the transistor.

Example 5 relates to the integrated circuit according to example 4,wherein at least the first portion of the thin film crystal layer has afirst crystal phase, and wherein the second portion of the thin filmcrystal layer has a second crystal phase differing from the firstcrystal phase.

Example 6 relates to the integrated circuit according to example 5,wherein the first crystal phase is an H-phase and the second crystalphase is a T-phase.

Example 7 relates to the integrated circuit according to example 5 or 6,wherein at least 70% of the material of the second portion has a T-phasecrystal structure.

Example 8 relates to the integrated circuit according to one of examples2 to 7, wherein the thin film crystal layer comprises at least 10% ofmetal atoms, wherein the metal atoms are Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni,Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Hf, Ta, W,

Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Rf, Db, Sg, Bh, Hs, Mt, Ds, or Rg.

Example 9 relates to the integrated circuit according to one of examples2 to 8, wherein the thin film crystal layer comprises at least 10% ofsecondary atoms, wherein the secondary atoms are S, Cl, H, O, Se, or Te.

Example 10 relates to the integrated circuit according to one ofexamples 2 to 9, wherein the thin film crystal layer comprises at least10% of tertiary atoms, wherein the tertiary atoms are S, Cl, H, O, Se,or Te.

Example 11 relates to the integrated circuit according to one ofexamples 2 to 10, wherein the thin film crystal layer comprises one ofMoS₂, MoTe₂, or Ti₂SC, Ti₂CdC, Hf₂InC, Hf₂SSc, or Ti₃SiC₂.

Example 12 relates to the integrated circuit according to one ofexamples 2 to 11, wherein the thin film crystal layer is a transitionmetal dichalcogenide layer.

Example 13 relates to the integrated circuit according to one ofexamples 4 to 12, wherein the transistor comprises a gate dielectriclayer and a gate electrode, wherein the gate dielectric layer is locatedbetween the first portion of the thin film crystal layer and the gateelectrode.

Example 14 relates to the integrated circuit according to one ofexamples 6 to 13, wherein the transistor comprises a source metalcontact structure electrically connected to the second portion of thethin film crystal layer.

Example 15 relates to an integrated circuit comprising: a plurality ofthin film crystal transistors located on a substrate; and anelectrically insulating layer, wherein gates of the plurality of thinfilm crystal transistors are located between the substrate and theelectrically insulating layer.

Example 16 relates to the integrated circuit according to example 15,wherein the substrate is a semiconductor substrate, wherein a portion ofthe substrate is a doped region of a further transistor of theintegrated circuit.

Example 17 relates to the integrated circuit according to example 15 or16, wherein the electrically insulating layer is an inter-layerdielectric layer of the integrated circuit.

Example 18 relates to the integrated circuit according to one ofexamples 15 to 17 wherein the thin film crystal transistor comprises athin film crystal layer.

Example 19 relates to the integrated circuit according to example 18,wherein the thin film crystal layer less than 20 two-dimensionalcrystalline monolayers.

Example 20 relates to the integrated circuit according to example 18 or19, wherein a first portion of the thin film crystal layer is a channelregion of the thin film crystal transistor.

Example 21 relates to the integrated circuit according to example 20,wherein at least the first portion of the thin film crystal layer has afirst crystal phase.

Example 22 relates to the integrated circuit according to example 21,wherein a second portion of the thin film crystal layer is a sourceregion of the transistor, wherein the second portion of the thin filmcrystal layer has a second crystal phase differing from the firstcrystal phase.

Example 23 relates to the integrated circuit according to example 22,wherein the first crystal phase is an H-phase and the second crystalphase is a T-phase.

Example 24 relates to the integrated circuit according to example 22 or23, wherein at least 70% of the second portion has a T-phase crystalstructure.

Example 25 relates to the integrated circuit according to one ofexamples 18 to 24, wherein the thin film crystal layer comprises atleast 10% of metal atoms, wherein the metal atoms are Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn,Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Hf, Ta, W,Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Rf, Db, Sg, Bh, Hs, Mt, Ds, or Rg.

Example 26 relates to the integrated circuit according to one ofexamples 18 to 25, wherein the thin film crystal layer comprises atleast 10% of secondary atoms, wherein the secondary atoms are S, Cl, H,O, Se, or Te.

Example 27 relates to the integrated circuit according to one ofexamples 18 to 26, wherein the thin film crystal layer comprises atleast 10% of tertiary atoms, wherein the tertiary atoms are S, Cl, H, O,Se, or Te.

Example 28 relates to the integrated circuit according to one ofexamples 18 to 27, wherein the thin film crystal layer comprises one ofMoS₂, MoTe₂, Ti₂SC, Ti₂CdC, Hf₂InC, Hf₂SSc, or Ti₃SiC₂.

Example 29 relates to the integrated circuit according to one ofexamples 18 to 28, wherein the thin film crystal layer is a transitionmetal dichalcogenide layer.

Example 30 relates to the integrated circuit according to one ofexamples 20 to 29, wherein the thin film crystal transistor comprises agate dielectric layer and a gate electrode, wherein the gate dielectriclayer is located between the first portion of the thin film crystallayer the gate electrode.

Example 31 relates to the integrated circuit according to one ofexamples 22 to 30, wherein the thin film crystal transistor comprises asource metal contact structure located on the second portion of the thinfilm crystal layer.

Example 32 relates to a method for forming an integrated circuit, themethod comprising: forming a first portion of a wiring layer stack ofthe integrated circuit on a semiconductor substrate of the integratedcircuit; forming a transistor on the first portion of the wiring layerstack, wherein forming the transistor comprises forming an embeddedlayer of the transistor, wherein the embedded layer has a thickness ofless than 10 nm, wherein the embedded layer comprises at least onetwo-dimensional crystalline layer comprising more than 10% metal atoms;and forming a second portion of the wiring layer stack on the transistorso that the transistor is embedded in the wiring layer stack.

Example 33 relates to the method according to example 32, wherein theembedded layer is a thin film crystal layer.

Example 34 relates to the method according to example 33, furthercomprising converting a crystal phase of at least a portion of the thinfilm crystal layer from a first crystal phase into a second crystalphase.

Example 35 relates to the method according to example 34, wherein thecrystal phase is converted by at least one of chemical treatment, lasertreatment or electron beam treatment of the portion of the thin filmcrystal layer.

Example 36 relates to the method according to example 33, whereinforming the thin film crystal layer comprises: forming a layercomprising at least a first and a second portion of different metals;and heating the layer in a gas atmosphere to transform the metal of thefirst portion into a thin film crystal material having a first crystalphase and the metal of the second portion into a thin film crystalmaterial having a second crystal phase.

Example 37 relates to the method according to example 33, whereinforming the thin film crystal layer comprises: forming first metalportions of a metal in a layer and transforming the metal of the firstmet-al portions into thin film crystal material having a first crystalphase; and forming second metal portions of the metal in the layer nextto the first metal portions and transforming the metal of the secondmetal portions into thin film crystal material having a second crystalphase, so that the formed thin film crystal layer has portionscomprising the crystal material having the first crystal phase adjacentto portions comprising the crystal material having the second crystalphase.

Example 38 relates to the method according to one of examples 34 to 37,wherein the first crystal phase is an H-phase, and the second crystalphase is a T-phase.

Example 39 relates to the method according to one of examples 34 to 38,further comprising: forming a gate dielectric of a gate of thetransistor on the portion of the thin film crystal layer having thefirst crystal phase; and forming a gate electrode on the gatedielectric.

Example 40 relates to the method according to one of examples 34 to 39,further comprising forming a source metal contact structure on a portionof the thin film crystal layer having the second crystal phase.

Example 41 relates to the method according to one of examples 39 or 40,wherein forming the second portion of the wiring layer stack comprisesforming an electrically insulating layer on the gate of the transistor.

Example 42 relates to the method according to one of examples 33 to 41,wherein the thin film crystal layer comprises at least 10% of metalatoms, wherein the metal atoms are Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu,Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt,Au, Hg, Rf, Db, Sg, Bh, Hs, Mt, Ds, or Rg.

Example 43 relates to the method according to one of examples 33 to 42,wherein the thin film crystal layer comprises at least 10% of secondaryatoms, wherein the secondary atoms are S, Cl, H, O, Se, or Te.

Example 44 relates to the method according to one of examples 33 to 43,wherein the thin film crystal layer comprises at least 10% of tertiaryatoms, wherein the tertiary atoms are S, Cl, H, O, Se, or Te.

Example 45 relates to the method according to one of examples 33 to 44,wherein the thin film crystal layer comprises one of MoS₂, MoTe₂, Ti₂SC,Ti₂CdC, Hf₂InC, Hf₂SSc, or Ti₃SiC₂.

Example 46 relates to the method according to one of examples 33 to 45,wherein the thin film crystal layer is a transition metal dichalcogenidelayer.

Example 47 relates to a method for forming an integrated circuit, themethod comprising:

forming a plurality of thin film crystal transistor on a substrate; andforming an electrically insulating layer on gates of the plurality ofthin film crystal transistors.

Example 48 relates to the method according to example 47, wherein thesubstrate is a semiconductor substrate, wherein a portion of thesubstrate is a doped region of a further transistor of the integratedcircuit.

Example 49 relates to the method according to example 47 or 48, whereinthe thin film crystal transistor is formed above at least one furthertransistor structure of the integrated circuit.

Example 50 relates to the method according to one of examples 47 to 49,wherein the thin film crystal transistor comprises a thin film crystallayer.

Example 51 relates to the method according to example 50, wherein thethin film crystal layer comprises less than 20 two-dimensionalcrystalline monolayers.

The aspects and features mentioned and described together with one ormore of the previously detailed examples and figures, may as well becombined with one or more of the other examples in order to replace alike feature of the other example or in order to additionally introducethe feature to the other example.

The description and drawings merely illustrate the principles of thedisclosure. Furthermore, all examples recited herein are principallyintended expressly to be only for illustrative purposes to aid thereader in understanding the principles of the disclosure and theconcepts contributed by the inventor(s) to furthering the art. Allstatements herein reciting principles, aspects, and examples of thedisclosure, as well as specific examples thereof, are intended toencompass equivalents thereof.

It is to be understood that the disclosure of multiple acts, processes,operations, steps or functions disclosed in the specification or claimsmay not be construed as to be within the specific order, unlessexplicitly or implicitly stated otherwise, for instance for technicalreasons. Therefore, the disclosure of multiple acts or functions willnot limit these to a particular order unless such acts or functions arenot interchangeable for technical reasons. Furthermore, in some examplesa single act, function, process, operation or step may include or may bebroken into multiple sub-acts, -functions, -processes, -operations or-steps, respectively. Such sub acts may be included and part of thedisclosure of this single act unless explicitly excluded.

Furthermore, the following claims are hereby incorporated into thedetailed description, where each claim may stand on its own as aseparate example. While each claim may stand on its own as a separateexample, it is to be noted that—although a dependent claim may refer inthe claims to a specific combination with one or more other claims—otherexamples may also include a combination of the dependent claim with thesubject matter of each other dependent or independent claim. Suchcombinations are explicitly proposed herein unless it is stated that aspecific combination is not intended. Furthermore, it is intended toinclude also features of a claim to any other independent claim even ifthis claim is not directly made dependent to the independent claim.

What is claimed is:
 1. An integrated circuit comprising: a semiconductorsubstrate, a wiring layer stack located on the semiconductor substrate,and a transistor embedded in the wiring layer stack, wherein thetransistor comprises an embedded layer, wherein the embedded layer has athickness of less than 10 nm, wherein the embedded layer comprises atleast one two-dimensional crystalline layer comprising more than 10%metal atoms.
 2. The integrated circuit according to claim 1, wherein theembedded layer is a thin film crystal layer.
 3. The integrated circuitaccording to claim 2, wherein the thin film crystal layer comprises lessthan 20 two-dimensional crystalline monolayers.
 4. The integratedcircuit according to claim 2, wherein a first portion of the thin filmcrystal layer is a channel region of the transistor and a second portionof the thin film crystal layer is a source region of the transistor. 5.The integrated circuit according to claim 4, wherein at least the firstportion of the thin film crystal layer has a first crystal phase, andwherein the second portion of the thin film crystal layer has a secondcrystal phase differing from the first crystal phase.
 6. The integratedcircuit according to claim 5, wherein the first crystal phase is anH-phase and the second crystal phase is a T-phase.
 7. The integratedcircuit according to claim 5, wherein at least 70% of the material ofthe second portion has a T-phase crystal structure.
 8. The integratedcircuit according to claim 2, wherein the thin film crystal layercomprises at least 10% of metal atoms, wherein the metal atoms are Sc,Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag,Cd, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Rf, Db, Sg, Bh, Hs, Mt, Ds, orRg.
 9. The integrated circuit according to claim 2, wherein the thinfilm crystal layer comprises at least 10% of secondary atoms, whereinthe secondary atoms are S, Cl, H, O, Se, or Te.
 10. The integratedcircuit according to claim 2, wherein the thin film crystal layercomprises at least 10% of tertiary atoms, wherein the tertiary atoms areS, Cl, H, O, Se, or Te.
 11. The integrated circuit according to claim 2,wherein the thin film crystal layer comprises one of MoS₂, MoTe₂, orTi₂SC, Ti₂CdC, Hf₂InC, Hf₂SSc, or Ti₃SiC₂.
 12. The integrated circuitaccording to claim 2, wherein the thin film crystal layer is atransition metal dichalcogenide layer.
 13. The integrated circuitaccording to claim 4, wherein the transistor comprises a gate dielectriclayer and a gate electrode, wherein the gate dielectric layer is locatedbetween the first portion of the thin film crystal layer and the gateelectrode.
 14. The integrated circuit according to claim 6, wherein thetransistor comprises a source metal contact structure electricallyconnected to the second portion of the thin film crystal layer.